International Trade Compliance: Import and Export Essentials

International trade compliance covers the legal requirements for importing goods into and exporting goods from the United States. Customs duties, import quotas, country of origin rules, export control regulations, and trade agreement benefits all create compliance obligations that can be surprisingly complex. Getting them wrong can mean paying unexpected duties, having shipments held at customs, or facing civil and criminal penalties.

Import Compliance

Importing goods into the US requires filing entry documents with Customs and Border Protection at the port of arrival. The importer of record is responsible for paying applicable duties, ensuring that goods comply with all applicable regulations, and maintaining records of imported merchandise. Tariff classification — determining the correct HTS code — determines the duty rate and is one of the most common sources of customs disputes.

Country of origin rules affect which tariff rates apply and whether goods qualify for preferential treatment under free trade agreements. Customs enforces rules of origin rigorously, and claiming preferential rates based on incorrect origin determinations can result in penalties and back duties. The Trans-Pacific Partnership and USMCA have made origin compliance more important for businesses operating in global supply chains.

Export Compliance

Exporting involves compliance with the Export Administration Regulations and, for defense articles, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations. The export control frameworks cover not just physical shipments but technology transfers through email, demonstrations, and training. Know your ECCN classification, screen your customers against restricted party lists, and obtain licenses when required.